Diaphragmatic pacing for respiratory failure in children

Diaphragm pacing is a ventilation strategy in respiratory failure. Most of the literature on pacing involves adults with common indications being spinal cord injury and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Previous reports in pediatric patients consist of case reports or small series; most describe direct phrenic nerve stimulation for central hypoventilation syndrome. This differs from adult reports that focus most commonly on spinal cord injuries and the rehabilitative nature of diaphragm pacing. This review describes the current state of diaphragm pacing in pediatric patients. Indications, current available technologies, surgical techniques, advantages, and pitfalls/problems are discussed.