Review of fault models for reproducing and predicting strong ground motions and permanent displacements—findings in the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake

For accurate evaluation of the impact of earthquakes to structures in the vicinity of the earthquake faults, it has been required to develop appropriate calculation methods for short- and long-period ground motions and permanent displacements. The 2016 Kumamoto, Japan, earthquake provided these kinds of records, and several research papers have been published to propose methods for reproducing or predicting them. I reviewed these papers and summarized probable methods for evaluating fault parameters for broadband-period ground motions in areas very close to the faults.