Roles of Rice Paddies and Neighboring Biotopes with Different Hydroperiods in Providing Habitat for an Endangered Pond Frog Population in Japan

The Nagoya Daruma pond frog Pelophylax porosus brevipodus (formerly Rana porosa brevipoda) requires a wet environment year-round, but such habitats have generally been lost due to improved rice paddy drainage such that the frog populations have been decreasing. There have been attempts to create permanent pools in rice paddy areas to help the populations recover, but the basic life history patterns and population dynamics in both environments have not been well studied. We captured frogs in rice paddies and adjacent biotopes. Using capture–mark–recapture data with 816 marked individuals, we compared frog demographics and population structure using a Jolly–Seber POPAN model. Constructed biotopes had conditions favoring long-term persistence. For example, biotopes had larger frogs of both sexes than rice paddies. The ratio of juveniles to adults was lower in biotopes than rice paddies. By contrast, rice paddies were an important habitat for breeding and producing new frogs. The two habitats complemented each other to support the local frog population. Because P. p. brevipodus is now exclusively distributed in rice paddy areas, the creation of permanent pools is a feasible way to improve habitat quality, especially in modernized rice paddy areas with few permanent lentic habitats.