Exploring the nexus: Comparing and aligning Planetary Health, One Health, and EcoHealth

The interconnectedness between humans and ecosystems highlights the need to protect ecosystems for the well-being of humans and the environment. This has led to the emergence of holistic and interdisciplinary concepts like Planetary Health, One Health, and EcoHealth. There is a growing interest in the differences and implementation of these concepts, including their founders, fundamental questions answered, focus, global distribution of studies, and alignment. This study addresses these issues to facilitate coordinated health interventions for people and ecosystems. Using electronic databases (Web of Science, PubMed, and ProQuest) and conducting a systematic literature review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), this paper compares the concepts of Planetary Health, One Health, and EcoHealth, providing a comprehensive overview of the findings and insights by examining each field's advocacy, conceptual application, and implementation levels and exploring the contributions of influential individuals and organizations. The results highlight each concept's global relation to applicability, challenges, and opportunities for further advancement. The study concludes by emphasizing the shared goals and interconnections among these fields in addressing complex health issues at the nexus of human health, environmental health, and ecosystem well-being.