WhatsApp with the Evidence Base for Behavioral Parent Training Apps? A Systematic Review of Mobile Phone Applications

Behavioral parent training (BPT) is a highly efficacious evidence-based treatment for children with externalizing behavior problems, yet parents often do not attend this treatment or discontinue prematurely. The recent proliferation of parenting apps is a promising alternative for helping parents address child behavior difficulties; however, there is scant research examining evidence-based support for these apps. The purpose of the current study was to examine if, and to what extent, parenting apps include core BPT techniques. Each of the six BPT techniques was broken down into components considered essential for teaching each strategy effectively. Seventy-three parenting apps met criteria for inclusion based on keyword searches for child behavior difficulties and parenting in app stores. Findings revealed little evidence-based support for parenting apps. Specifically, the mean number of BPT techniques was limited, with approximately 75% of apps including two or fewer of the six BPT techniques and none including all six techniques. Reinforcement was included most often (84% of apps), followed by punishment (64%). Direct commands had the highest mean percentage of components across BPT techniques yet was included in the fewest number of apps (4%). The results highlight the need for increased evidence-based BPT content for parenting apps. Recommendations include an app classification system and thorough examination of parenting apps before suggesting them to clients.