成人大脑对生理和心理预期的违背

Shari Liu, Kirsten Lydic, Lingjie Mei, Rebecca Saxe
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摘要

摘要 在看到一个固体物体明显穿过另一个固体物体,或看到一个人在有捷径可走的情况下走了很长的路到达目的地后,成人会将这些事件归类为令人惊讶的事件。当在违反期望(VOE)实验中对这些事件进行测试时,相对于类似但预期的结果,婴儿会对相同的结果多看几眼。是什么认知过程支撑着成人的这些判断,或许也支撑着婴儿对这些事件的持续关注?作为测试这一问题的一种方法,我们使用功能性磁共振成像(fMRI)扫描了人类成年人(总人数=49,22 位女性,平均年龄 26 岁)的大脑,同时让他们观看原本用于测试婴儿生理和心理预期的刺激物。我们研究了VOE效应的非相互排斥的候选过程,包括领域一般过程(如视觉预测错误和好奇心)和领域特定过程(如与独特的物理和心理期望有关的预测错误)(物体是固体;代理人的行为是理性的)。早期的视觉区域并不区分任何一个领域的预期事件和意外事件。与此相反,参与目标定向注意的多个需求区对两个领域的意外事件都有更多反应,这为领域性目标定向注意作为 VOE 的一种机制提供了证据。左侧边际上回(LSMG)在物理预测过程中被激活,并优先对物理域的意外事件做出反应,这为特定域的物理预测错误提供了证据。因此,在成人大脑中,物理和心理预期的违背涉及特定领域和一般领域的计算,尽管不是纯粹的视觉计算。
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Violations of physical and psychological expectations in the human adult brain
Abstract After seeing one solid object apparently passing through another, or a person taking the long route to a destination when a shortcut was available, human adults classify those events as surprising. When tested on these events in violation-of-expectation (VOE) experiments, infants look longer at the same outcomes, relative to similar but expected outcomes. What cognitive processes underlie these judgments from adults, and perhaps infants’ sustained attention to these events? As one approach to test this question, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to scan the brains of human adults (total N = 49, 22 female, mean age of 26 years) while they viewed stimuli that were originally designed to test for physical and psychological expectations in infants. We examined non-mutually exclusive candidates for the processes underlying the VOE effect, including domain-general processes, like visual prediction error and curiosity, and domain-specific processes, like prediction error with respect to distinctively physical and psychological expectations (objects are solid; agents behave rationally). Early visual regions did not distinguish between expected and unexpected events from either domain. By contrast, multiple demand regions, involved in goal-directed attention, responded more to unexpected events in both domains, providing evidence for domain-general goal-directed attention as a mechanism for VOE. Left supramarginal gyrus (LSMG) was engaged during physical prediction and responded preferentially to unexpected events from the physical domain, providing evidence for domain-specific physical prediction error. Thus, in adult brains, violations of physical and psychological expectations involve domain-specific, and domain-general, though not purely visual, computations.
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