Changes in arterial pH do not explain the reductions in ionised calcium observed during COVID-19 infection

Background

Hypocalcaemia predicts coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity and mortality. We hypothesized an association between respiratory alkalosis secondary to hypoxia and low ionised calcium (iCa) concentration in patients with COVID-19.

Methods

Arterial blood gas samples taken from January 2019 to March 2021 were retrospectively matched with infection status. Principal components regression was undertaken to determine the correlation between pH, partial pressure arterial oxygen (PaO₂), partial pressure arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO₂), and iCa.

Results

We included 4056 patients (300 COVID-19 detected, 19 influenza detected), corresponding to 5960 arterial blood samples. The COVID-19 detected group had a statistically significantly lower iCa, PaO₂ and PaCO₂, and more alkalotic pH than infection-free groups. The influenza group had a lower iCa and PaCO₂, higher PaO₂, and a more alkalotic pH than infection-free groups, but these differences were non-significant. Principal components regression revealed that pH, PaCO₂, and PaO₂ explain just 2.72 % of the variance in iCa. An increase in pH by 1 unit was associated with an iCa reduction of 0.141 ​mmol/L (p ​< ​0.0001).

Conclusion

Reduction in iCa concentration in patients with COVID-19 is not associated with pH derangement. Influenza infection was associated with a minor reduction in iCa in our small sample, a hitherto unreported finding, although statistical significance was not demonstrated.