Terminology, AI bias, and the risks of current digital public diplomacy practices

The aim of this study was to demonstrate the relationship between artificial intelligence (AI) bias and digital public diplomacy based on terminology use in three ChatGPT dialogues we initiated. AI bias is discursively constructed through rhetoric and narrative, presenting how users and algorithm designers perceive social reality. These elements of language then spread through Internet technology. This study examined the potential threat of AI bias in constructing knowledge in the digital age. Indeed, AI bias arising from terminology use can shake up the decision-making and communication practices of public diplomacy, especially the formulation and implementation of advocacy. We identified two potential types of bias: (a) the content provided by ChatGPT reflects a set of opinions with a particular orientation that does not account for the multiplicity of viewpoints on complex geopolitical issues, and (b) the answers given by generative AI tools tend to be affirmative views that are not subject to argumentation, justification, and reflection.