Seed predation of woody species in different microhabitats of the Mediterranean-type region of Chile

Seed predation may reduce the quantity and diversity of seeds and limit seedling recruitment. However, the extent to which seed predation may depend on the species and vegetational microhabitat has been less studied. We studied seed predation of woody species in the Mediterranean-type ecosystem of central Chile. We explored if interspecific differences in the magnitude of seed predation depends on the seed mass, evaluated the role vertebrate herbivores in seed predation, and examined if seed predation depends on the vegetation patch type. We conducted a seed removal experiment with eight woody species in three vegetation patch types (forest, shrub, and open) and replicated in two localities. We established exclosures for birds and mammals (wire cages covering 1 m²) and evaluated seed removal during 18 days within and outside of them. We also evaluated the soil seed availability by collecting soil samples inside and outside these exclosures after 2 years of exclusion in the same vegetation patches, adding other three localities. Exclosures significantly reduced the number of seeds removed in all species and patch types of both localities (overall 24.02% of removal in non-exclusion areas vs. 1.77% in exclosures). The magnitude of seed predation was negatively related to the seed mass of species. Exclosures significantly increased the number and species richness of seeds in the soil of forest and shrub patches of four localities. The results suggest that seed predation is mainly produced by vertebrates, affects several woody species from central Chile, and is more common in forest and shrub patches.