Outcomes associated with a variable rate insulin infusion diabetic ketoacidosis protocol

Aims

To relate adverse events with glucose correction rates in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) using variable rate intravenous insulin-infusions (VRIII).

Methods

Retrospective, observational study in adults with DKA who received insulin infusions between 2012 and 2017 at St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne. Early correction of hyperglycaemia (<10 mmol/L) was evaluated for association with hypoglycaemia (<4.0 mmol/L), hypokalaemia (potassium <3.3 mmol/L) and clinical outcomes via regression analysis.

Results

The study involved 97 patients, with 93 % having type 1 diabetes. The mean age was 38 years, 47 % were women and 35 % were admitted to intensive care. Hypoglycaemia rates during 12 and 24 h of treatment were 6.2 % and 8.2 %, respectively with 58 % of patients recording their first BGL <10 mmol/L within 12 h and 88 % within 24 h. Ketone clearance time averaged at 15.6 h. Hyperglycaemia correction rates to <10 mmol/L were not different in those with/without hypoglycaemia at 12/24 h, in multivariate analysis including admission BGL. Hypokalaemia occurred in 40.2 % of patients and was associated with lower pH but not BGL correction rates.

Conclusion

The VRIII protocol achieved early hyperglycaemia correction and ketoacidosis reversal with low hypoglycaemia risk. However, high hypokalaemia rates suggest the need for aggressive potassium replacement, especially in markedly acidotic patients.