无限多的复合材料

Nick Lord, Des MacHale
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摘要

在数论中,我们经常会问某一类型的素数是否有无限多个。例如,如果 n 是一个自然数:(i) 是否有无穷多个形式为 2n - 1 的(梅森)素数?(ii) 是否有无穷多个形式为 n2 + 1 的素数?不过,我们有时也可以问一问某类合数是否有无穷多个来安慰自己。这些问题通常(但不总是)比较容易回答。例如,与上文第(i)段相呼应,我们可以问是否存在无穷多个形式为 2p - 1 且 p 为素数的合数,但(据我们所知)这仍然是一个未解之谜。当然,要么存在无穷多的素数,要么存在无穷多的 2p - 1 形式的合成数,而我们目前却无法确定其中的任何一个,这似乎很奇怪。
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Infinitely many composites
In number theory, we frequently ask if there are infinitely many prime numbers of a certain type. For example, if n is a natural number: (i)Are there infinitely many (Mersenne) primes of the form 2n − 1?(ii)Are there infinitely many primes of the form n2 + 1?These problems are often very difficult and many remain unsolved to this day, despite the efforts of many great mathematicians. However, we can sometimes comfort ourselves by asking if there are infinitely many composite numbers of a certain type. These questions are often (but not always) easier to answer. For example, echoing (i) above, we can ask if there are infinitely many composites of the form 2p − 1 with p a prime number but (to the best of our knowledge) this remains an unsolved problem. Of course, it must be the case that there are either infinitely many primes or infinitely many composites of the form 2p − 1 and it seems strange that we currently cannot decide on either of them.
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108.11 Euler’s limit—revisited Some generalisations and extensions of a remarkable geometry puzzle 108.03 Remarks on perfect powers 108.02 Fermat-like equations for fractional parts Extensions of Vittas’ Theorem
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