ISTVP: Independent single transaction verification protocol for light node using fraud proofs without collaborator

Most blockchain users run light nodes on mobile devices. Due to limited storage and computation, light nodes cannot perform transaction validation. This shortage makes opportunities for malicious nodes to produce blocks containing invalid transactions, which results in the loss of funds for light nodes. Fraud proofs play a significant role in ensuring transaction security for light nodes. However, existing fraud proof schemes require honest collaborators and the processing of entire blocks. To address these limitations, Independent Single Transaction Verification Protocol for Light node Using Fraud Proofs without Collaborator called ISTVP is proposed that enables light nodes to independently verify transactions and generate fraud proofs without relying on collaborators or processing the entire block. To support ISTVP, SVST is introduced, an efficient block structure for single-transaction verification. SVST not only efficiently indexes historical transaction outputs to improve verification efficiency, but also significantly reduces the storage requirements for verifying transactions to $O\left(h+\log n\right)$. Furthermore, the authors analyze the security of ISTVP and demonstrate that it satisfies both persistence and liveness, while maintaining the level of security of full node.