Primary Extracranial Meningiomas of the Sinonasal Tract: A Systematic Review

Primary extracranial meningiomas of the sinonasal tract (PEMS) with no intracranial extension are rare. Our study presents the largest systematic review to date, providing a comprehensive overview and comparison of the characteristics, treatment and prognosis of PEMS, with comparison to primary intracranial meningiomas (PIMS). A systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines on PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar up to 1st November, 2022. A total of 70 documented cases from 64 articles were included. Data analysis was performed to compare low-grade (WHO Grade I) and high-grade (Grade II, III) PEMS. Majority of patients were symptomatic with nasal symptoms (72.1%); followed by eye symptoms (41.2%) and facial swellings (41.2%). The nasal cavity was the most commonly affected site (70.0%). Most tumors were WHO Grade 1 (87.5%) with meningothelial histological subtype. PEMS have a predilection for involvement of surrounding structures, with more than half reporting erosion of sinonasal walls or orbital involvement (64.3%). Nevertheless, PEMS have a favourable prognosis, with high survival rates (95.3%) and low rate of recurrence (8.5%). Mainstay of treatment is surgical resection. There are no clear defining clinical features of PEMS, hence it is imperative for clinicians to prioritise histological diagnosis to guide further management. A conclusive diagnosis of PEMS requires imaging and potential intraoperative assessment. Prognosis is likely dependent on both WHO grading and the ability to achieve complete surgical extirpation. Endoscopic resection is recommended even in high-grade PEMS for localised and resectable disease. Radiotherapy may be reserved for unresectable or recurrent tumours as salvage therapy.