Fragmentary records from the breakup of Rodinia to the closure of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean: new evidence from the Gicha Complex in the middle Sanjiang Tethyan Orogen, SW China

The Sanjiang Tethyan Orogen plays a pivotal role in elucidating the geodynamic processes related to the evolution of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean. Research on the Gicha Complex within this orogen is imperative for comprehending the intricate evolution of the region. This study presents new findings from zircon U‒Pb dating, Hf isotope analysis, and whole-rock elemental analyses of gabbro, olivine gabbro, and the recently discovered mylonitic rhyolite and diabase in the Gicha Complex. The zircon U‒Pb dating yields ages of 703 ± 3 Ma for the diabase, 296 ± 2 Ma for the gabbro, and 231 ± 1 and 228 ± 2 Ma for the mylonitic rhyolite, demonstrating that these rocks record the extended evolution from the breakup of Rodinia to the closure of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean. The Neoproterozoic diabase samples exhibit shoshonitic and arc-like geochemical properties, with positive zircon ε_Hf(t) values ranging from 1.1 to 3.7 and high Th/Yb values ranging from 1.34 to 3.07, suggesting that they were generated by partial melting of enriched subduction-modified lithospheric mantle in an active continental margin. The early Permian gabbro samples are part of the tholeiitic series and exhibit low SiO₂ and K₂O contents; depletions in Nb, Ta and Ti; and enrichment in Pb, indicating derivation from a combination of depleted mantle peridotite and subduction-related components. The whole-rock geochemical features suggest that these rocks formed in a back-arc setting featuring a small, mature ocean basin. The mylonitic rhyolite samples exhibit weakly peraluminous characteristics (A/CNK = 0.98–1.12) with high-K calc-alkaline geochemical features. The samples are depleted in Ba, Nb, Ta, and Ti and enriched in Th, U, Pb, and LREEs and exhibit negative to positive zircon ε_Hf(t) values ranging from − 0.5 to + 5.9, indicating that they originated from partial melting of Meso-Neoproterozoic juvenile lower crust. Geochronological, petrological, and geochemical analyses indicate that the subduction of oceanic crust occurred along the western margin of the Yangtze Block until the late Neoproterozoic (~ 703 Ma).

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