PIT tagging does not measurably reduce reproductive success in sensitive burrow-nesting seabirds

Investigator disturbance while monitoring seabirds can result in lower survival rates and breeding success, leaving lasting negative impacts on the population and biasing observations. For example, monitoring rhinoceros auklets (Cerorhinca monocerata) and other burrowing alcids can reduce breeding success or even survival through handling stress and damage to nesting habitat. For this reason, researchers must seek to decrease colony disturbance. Automated radio-frequency identification (RFID) via passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags is an inexpensive and reliable way to identify individual presence and record attendance behaviour, avoiding the need to recapture seabirds or visit the colony frequently. PIT tags either can be implanted subcutaneously or attached externally to leg bands, but it is unclear which method causes lower disturbance. To examine the impact of PIT tagging on rhinoceros auklets nesting in artificial burrows on Middleton Island, Alaska, we monitored burrow entrances with automated recording RFID readers to collect presence and nest attendance data. PIT-tagged (either band attachment or subcutaneous implant) and control birds had similar breeding success and chick growth rates. Breeding success was similar between nests with one or two parents marked. Birds tagged externally were detected less often than birds marked with a subcutaneous implant. We conclude that PIT tagging of rhinoceros auklets is a relatively non-invasive method for seabird monitoring, and that subcutaneous implants do not cause more disturbance than external attachment.