Mindfulness-Based Interventions Targeting Modifiable Lifestyle Behaviors Associated With Brain Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

A systematic review and meta-analysis investigated randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) targeting lifestyle behaviors commonly associated with brain health in adults. Data sources included Ovid Medline, Ovid PsycINFO, CINAHL [EBSCO], Embase, Cochrane Library [Ovid], Web of Science, and https://ClinicalTrials.gov . Studies were screened using Covidence 2.0. A total of 79 published RCTs of MBIs for adults (18+, patient and non-patient populations) targeting one or more lifestyle behavior (physical activity, sleep, diet, alcohol use, tobacco cessation, and social and mental activities) met eligibility criteria. MBIs were associated with reduced sleep disturbance (40/54 RCTs; 3537 participants; SMD = −.53; 95% CI = −.74 to −.32; I 2 = 78%), increased physical activity (9/17 RCTs analyzed; 685 participants; SMD = .72; 95% CI = .04 to 1.40; I 2 = 89%), improved tobacco cessation (8/12 RCTs; 1234 participants; OR = 2.11; 95% CI = 1.12 to 3.97; I 2 = 55%), and lowered alcohol use (4/6 RCTs; 261 participants; SMD = −.39; 95% CI = −.45 to −.32; I 2 = 0%). This review found moderate to high-quality evidence for MBIs targeting sleep, physical activity, alcohol use, and tobacco cessation. Heterogeneity for these outcomes and insufficient data to analyze diet, mental activities, and cognitive functioning limit our ability to draw definitive conclusions about the effects of MBIs on brain health.