Reference data on estrogen metabolome in healthy pregnancy

Introduction

Estrogen hormones and their metabolites are implicated in the maintenance of healthy pregnancy and adequate fetal development. Abnormal levels were related to increased risk of pregnancy complications, particularly preeclampsia. Our aims were (1) to develop a methodological platform for the comprehensive assessment of estrogen metabolome in pregnancy; (2) to collect healthy reference data for relevant elements of estrogen metabolome in each trimester; (3) to assess unconjugated fractions of the estrogen metabolome, (4) to assess the dominant metabolic pathways of estrogen compounds.

Methods

We enrolled healthy pregnant mothers between gestational week 5–15 (on the confirmation of pregnancy; 79 samples), gestational weeks 19–27 (70 samples), and gestational week 34–39 (54 samples). A method employing liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed to assess estrone, 17-beta-estradiol, estriol levels, and their metabolites as conjugated and unconjugated forms. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the level of compounds in each trimester.

Results

Estrone, 17-beta-estradiol and estriol levels are dramatically increasing with the advancement of pregnancy. Measured levels were in a very wide range. 17-beta-estradiol is neither glucuronated nor sulphated. To the contrary, estriol and estrone are significantly conjugated; unconjugated fraction is <15% of total hormone levels in any trimester. Regarding metabolism, 4-methoxy-estradiol and 17-epiestriol were not detected.

Conclusion

We concluded that (1) the levels of estrogen compounds and metabolites increase with advancing gestational age; (2) the wide ranges of levels challenge the establishment of a healthy reference range for clinical purposes; (3) 17-beta-estradiol is not conjugated significantly; (4) 4-methylation and 17-epimerization pathways of estrogens are negligible with our LC-MS/MS method.