Innate immune signal transduction pathways to fungal infection: Components and regulation

Candida species are significant causes of mucosal and systemic infections in immune compromised populations, including HIV-infected individuals and cancer patients. Drug resistance and toxicity have limited the use of anti-fungal drugs. A good comprehension of the nature of the immune responses to the pathogenic fungi will aid in the developing of new approaches to the treatment of fungal diseases. In recent years, extensive research has been done to understand the host defending systems to fungal infections. In this review, we described how pattern recognition receptors senses the cognate fungal ligands and the cellular and molecular mechanisms of anti-fungal innate immune responses. Furthermore, particular focus is placed on how anti-fungal signal transduction cascades are being activated for host defense and being modulated to better treat the infections in terms of immunotherapy. Understanding the role that these pathways have in mediating host anti-fungal immunity will be crucial for future therapeutic development.