Lithological features of Lake Bannoe sediments (Southern Urals) as an indicator of environmental and climate changes in the Holocene

Research subject. Bottom sediments of Lake Bannoe (Southern Urals). Aim. Identification of lithologic features of Lake Bannoe sediments, which could reflect sedimentation conditions in the Holocene. Materials and methods. The detailed complex analysis included radiocarbon dating, grain-size analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, electron microscopy, X-ray fluorescence and isotope analysis, coercive spectrometry and pollen analysis. Results. Radiocarbon dating showed that sedimentation in Lake Bannoe began no later than ~13 thousand years ago. Combination of data from various laboratory studies unraveled four lithological zones and the corresponding stages in the sedimentation history. The grain size, allothigenic particles, carbonate minerals, organic matter and isotopic composition of carbon and oxygen are the most informative indicators. Grain size variations and the ratio between allothigenic and carbonate components reflect changes in the Lake’s depth and clastic material supply, which, in turn, is associated with humidity. Organic matter parameters (TOC, δ13Corg, C/N ratio) can be considered as indicators of climate-sensitive changes in bioproductivity of the sedimentation basin. They also reflect the ratio of exogenous and endogenous organic matter in the sedimentary environment. The isotopic composition of carbon and oxygen (δ13Ccarb, δ18Ocarb) in sedimentary carbonates is an informative indicator of lithological zones and climatic events of the Holocene due to its sensitivity to changes in biomass, temperature fluctuations, and fresh water inflow. The paramagnetic component k_para was used as an indicator of the allothigenic material input into the lake basin for the first time in this region. Conclusions. The granulometric, mineral, and chemical composition, as well as the magnetic properties of Lake Bannoe sediments reflect the history of Lake sedimentation in the Southern Urals, which agrees mainly with the climate stages of the Holocene.