Ubi est indicium? On forensic analysis of the UBI file system

Crimes involving Internet of Things (IoT) or embedded devices like drones are on the rise. A widespread class of file systems for storing data on embedded devices are flash file systems (FFS). FFS are optimized to manage conceptual limitations and characteristics of raw flash memory, i.e., memory that is not managed by an additional hardware controller that hides the characteristics of flash (called the Flash Translation Layer). Thus, FFS incorporate mechanisms and structures, which are not part of traditional block-based file systems like NTFS, APFS, or ExtX. Regarding analyses of FFS-based embedded devices, digital forensics tools handling FFS are needed. Unfortunately, currently available tools are not able to analyze FFS or raw flash images in general. In this paper, we provide a concept and an open-source implementation of a digital forensics tool bridging this gap for the widespread UBI File System. Our concept is inspired by the well-known Sleuth Kit and reflects the different abstraction layers of a digital forensics analysis (e.g., the storage device level, the volume level, the file system level). We provide an open-source tool of our concept, which we call UBI Forensic Toolkit (UBIFT). In contrast to previous work, UBIFT is able to parse file system structures like the directory tree or the UBIFS journal to recover deleted files including the respective metadata. We show the usefulness of UBIFT by a twofold evaluation: we first apply our tool to a publicly available Internet camera flash dump to perform a forensically sound analysis of the flash device. Our second evaluation comprises both a methodology for creating adaptable flash dumps in general and the comparison of our tool to competitors with similar functionality on the basis of self-generated flash dumps. Finally, we address the usability aspect of UBIFT by providing an Autopsy plugin of our tool.