Standardizing Chondrocyte Isolation and Articular Cartilage Decellularization: A Versatile Bioink for Tissue Engineering Applications.

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a noncellular component of tissues that provides structural and biochemical support to cells. The purpose of decellularization is to provide a tissue-specific niche to preserve the architecture, composition, and signaling molecules of the ECM. The current protocol discusses the standardization of chondrocyte isolation and the preparation of acellular ECM as a bioink additive from human native articular cartilage. Isolated chondrocytes with bioink additives provide a tissue-specific microenvironment. Herein, we discuss a standardized protocol with multiple applications in the area of organ-on-a-chip model development, spheroid formation, microfluidics platform, bioprinting, and tissue engineering. Cartilage tissue engineering is complex owing to the heterogeneous complex proteins, which are a challenge to synthesize; hence, this protocol in many ways offers cues to exploit the acellular ECM for multiple ongoing research studies.