Kidney manifestations of sarcoidosis.

Renal involvement is a clinically relevant organ manifestation of sarcoidosis, leading to increased morbidity and complications. Although the exact incidence remains unknown, renal disease is likely to occur in up to one third of all sarcoidosis patients. Every patient with newly diagnosed sarcoidosis should receive a renal work-up and screening for disrupted calcium metabolism. Amid various forms of glomerulonephritis, granulomatous interstitial nephritis is the most common one, but it rarely leads to renal impairment. Histologically, granulomas can be absent. Nephrocalcinosis and nephrolithiasis are frequent forms when hypercalcaemia or hypercalciuria occur. Drugs used for treatment of systemic sarcoidosis can also cause renal damage. Due to its high heterogeneity, renal sarcoidosis can be difficult to treat. Glucocorticoids and various immunosuppressive treatments have been proven to be effective based on case series, but clinical trials are lacking. A treatment guideline for renal sarcoidosis is urgently needed. In this review article, we present an overview of the different forms of renal sarcoidosis and the diagnostic steps to confirm renal involvement; in addition, we provide insights on the management and available treatments. A better understanding regarding the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis is the key for the development of more specific, targeted therapies.