The Role of Regulatory T cells (Tregs) in Tumorigenesis: A Comprehensive Literature Review

Introduction: Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a subpopulation of CD4+ T lymphocytes that contribute to immune homeostasis by suppressing excessive immune activation. However, these immunosuppressive properties can lead to the suppression of anti-tumor immune responses. Depletion or blocking of Tregs through therapeutics has emerged as a possible method for enhancing anti-tumor immunity. However, the lack of selective targeting of Tregs in the tumor microenvironment is a significant limitation to the effectiveness of Treg therapies. Therefore, this investigation aims to review current literature on how Tregs suppress the antitumor immune response and how they can be targeted to promote anti-tumor immunity. Methods: This review examines recent literature on Tregs in the tumor microenvironment, focusing on both cell-contact dependent and independent mechanisms. Clinical trial studies were also included to assess therapeutic targeting of Tregs. The PubMed database was systematically searched for English articles from 2010 to present, supplemented by manual searches without date restrictions. Boolean expressions ensured comprehensive study retrieval. Results: The involvement of Tregs in the development of multiple cancer types is evident, and targeting these cells could potentially enhance the efficacy of antitumor immunity. In addition, we compiled a list of the novel approaches currently being used for Treg targeting in the context of cancer. Discussion: This review has identified the most promising targets for Treg-based therapies, opening avenues for accelerating the development of innovative cancer treatments. Conclusion: Our literature review offers insights into the complex interplay between the immune system and cancer. The understanding of this interaction is not just an endpoint but could potentially act as a steppingstone towards new scientific discoveries.