利用杂交技术开发高粱新品种和杂交种

N. A. Kovtunova, V. V. Kovtunov, А. Romanyukin, Е. Shishova
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引用次数: 0

摘要

杂交是开发新育种材料、获得遗传变异和结合所需性状的主要方法。当前工作的目的是描述 "ARC "Donskoy "通过不育系和可育系杂交培育出的甜高粱和草高粱新品种和杂交种的特征。研究于 2021-2023 年在罗斯托夫州泽尔诺格勒 FSBSI "ARC "Donskoy "育种场进行。该地区的特点是普通碳酸盐土壤(腐殖质含量为 3.2%,磷含量为 10-40 毫克/千克,氮含量为 70-110 毫克/千克,钾含量为 300-500 毫克/千克)。研究年份(2021-2023 年)的气象条件对比鲜明:2022 年,HTC = 0.52 表示平均干旱和水分不足,2021 年和 2023 年为 0.81-0.82。研究对象是 "ARC "Donskoy "联邦科学与技术研究所(FSBSI)培育的苏丹草和糖高粱品种和杂交种。在不育杂交的基础上,培育出了许多苏丹高粱杂交种("Jetta x Kudesnitsa"、"APV-1115 x Topolina"、"APV-1115 x FP"、"Dobrynya"、"Gordey")和甜高粱杂交种、'Gordey')和甜高粱杂交种('APV-115 x Yuzhnoye'、'Jetta x Severanay Vishnya'、'Duet'),获得了 51-63 吨/公顷和 47-49 吨/公顷的绿色产量,比标准产量分别高出 5-17 吨/公顷(10.8-37.0 %)和 5-7 吨/公顷(11.9-16.7 %)。通过品种间杂交,FSBSI "ARC "Donskoy "培育出了几乎所有品种。其中,苏丹草品种 "Alisa"、"Gratsiya"、"Anastasiya"、"Kudesnitsa"、"FP "和甜高粱品种 "Yuzhnoe"、"Feniks"、"Orfey"、"SK-20/334"、"Severanay Vishnya "的绿色产量分别为 40-48 吨/公顷和 34-38 吨/公顷,比标准品种高出 3-11 吨/公顷(8.1%-29.7%)和 7.2%。1-29.7 %)和 7-11 吨/公顷(25.9-40.7 %)。因此,杂交是开发新育种材料并在新样本中结合所需性状的主要方法。
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Use of hybridization to develop new sorghum varieties and hybrids
Hybridization is the main method for developing new breeding material, obtaining genetic variability, and combining desired traits. The purpose of the current work is to characterize new promising varieties and hybrids of sweet and grass sorghum developed by the “ARC “Donskoy” because of hybridization on a sterile and fertile basis. The study was conducted on the breeding field of the FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy”, Zernograd, Rostov region in 2021–2023. The zone is characterized by ordinary carbonate chernozem (3.2 % of humus, 10–40 mg/kg of phosphorus, 70–110 mg/kg of nitrogen, 300–500 mg per kg of soil of potassium). Meteorological conditions during the years of study (2021–2023) were contrasting: in 2022, HTC = 0.52 indicated average aridity and insufficient moisture with 0.81–0.82 in 2021 and 2023. The objects of the study were the varieties and hybrids of Sudan grass and sugar sorghum developed by the FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy”. As a result of hybridization on a sterile basis, there was developed a number of sorghumSudan hybrids (‘Jetta x Kudesnitsa’, ‘APV-1115 x Topolina’, ‘APV-1115 x FP’, ‘Dobrynya’, ‘Gordey’) and sweet sorghum hybrids (‘APV-115 x Yuzhnoye’, ‘Jetta x Severanay Vishnya’, ‘Duet’), allowing to obtain green mass yields of 51–63 and 47–49 t/ha, which was higher than the standard by 5–17 t/ha (10.8–37.0 %) and 5–7 t/ha (11.9–16.7 %) respectively. Using intervarietal hybridization, almost all varieties developed by the FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy” have been created. Among them there are the Sudan grass varieties ‘Alisa’, ‘Gratsiya’, ‘Anastasiya’, ‘Kudesnitsa’, ‘FP’ and the sweet sorghum varieties ‘Yuzhnoe’, ‘Feniks’, ‘Orfey’, ‘SK-20/334’, ‘Severanay Vishnya’ with a green mass yield of 40–48 and 34–38 t/ha, which is higher than that of standard varieties by 3–11 t/ha (8.1–29.7 %) and 7–11 t/ha (25.9–40.7 %), respectively. Thus, hybridization is the main method for developing new breeding material and combining the desired traits in new samples.
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