16 世纪末至 17 世纪初俄罗斯国家在西伯利亚和远东地区修建防御工事城墙的地上部分

S. Gorokhov
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摘要

研究目的本文介绍的研究成果旨在重建泰恩城墙地上部分的结构,明确各个参数的变化及其与防御工事地理位置、军事行政地位和其他特征的关系。研究结果表明,泰恩城墙地上部分的现代设计理念与 150 多年前的设计理念是一致的。我们的研究纠正了这一现状,并形成了关于西伯利亚和远东地区泰恩墙地上部分特征的总体概念。特别是,我们发现:1)城墙上和城墙内的土墙建筑在外乌拉尔是不典型的;2)奥斯特罗格城墙的高度有一定的标准;3)土墙高度是其主要特征,它决定了整个物体的防御能力;4)土墙高度由防御工事的军事行政地位和/或建造时的军事政治局势决定;5)土墙厚度对防御能力并不重要,因此,特别是建造了半木头墙;6)大型军事行政中心的土墙厚度大于普通奥斯特罗格的厚度;7)在某些情况下,最好建造半原木土墙;8)武器口用一个土墙建造,呈垂直拉长形状;9)有些土墙是用原木建造的,原木之间留有空隙(稀疏土墙);10)稀疏土墙用于没有平台、非直线和/或没有塔楼的墙体部分。结论研究表明,在 16 世纪末 17 世纪初,有各种设计的 tyn 墙。城墙结构取决于大量人为、社会和自然因素。
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Construction of the Aboveground Part of the Tyn Walls of the Fortifications in the Russian State in Siberia and the Far East in Late 16th – Early 17th Century
Purpose. The purpose of the research, the results of which are presented in this article, was to reconstruct the structure of the above-ground part of the tyn walls, to clarify the variability of individual parameters and their relationship with the geographical location of the fortification, its military-administrative status, and other characteristics.Results. As a result of the conducted research, it was found that modern ideas of the design of the aboveground part of the tyn wall correspond to those of more than 150 years ago. Our research made it possible to correct the current situation and form a generalized idea of the characteristics of the aboveground part of the tyn walls in Siberia and the Far East. In particular, it was found that 1) the tyn construction on and in the rampart was untypical for the Trans-Urals; 2) there was a certain standard for the height of the ostrog walls; 3) the tyn height was its main characteristic, which determined the defense capability of the entire object; 4) the tyn height was determined by the military-administrative status of the fortification and/or the military-political situation at the time of its construction; 5) the tyn thickness was not essential for defense capability, therefore, in particular, walls of half-logs were erected; 6) the tyn thickness in large military-administrative centers was greater than in ordinary ostrogs; 7) there were conditions under which it was advisable to erect a tyn wall of half-logs; 8) weapon ports were made in one tyn and had a vertically elongated shape; 9) there were tyn walls made of logs placed with gaps between them (sparse tyn); 10) the sparse tyn was used on those sections of the walls that did not have a platform, were non-rectilinear, and/or did not have towers.Conclusions. The study established that in late 16th – early 17th centuries there were tyn walls of various designs. The wall structure depended on a large number of anthropogenic, social, and natural factors.
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