越南北部旧石器时代的恩贡文化

A. Kandyba, Khac Su Nguyen, A. Chekha, Gia Doi Nguyen
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摘要

目的在越南北部,人们发现了 Nguomian 文化,其特点是在技术类型复合体中以片状工具为主。这一产业可以追溯到上更新世的后半期,早于之前确定的松湾文化和河边文化。本研究的目的是确定恩古姆工业的主要遗迹之一--恩古姆岩石庇护所--的技术和类型特征。为此,对 1981-1982 年发掘获得的石制品藏品进行了技术和类型分析。2023 年,对恩古姆岩石栖息地的 4 589 件文物进行了处理,其中 2 437 件为中小型石片,1 284 件为碎片。考古材料的主要裂片以平行的陶芯(35 个标本)为主,还有非系统陶芯(12 个标本)和径向陶芯(8 个标本)的变体,以及许多类似陶芯的碎片(121 个标本)。在工具组合方面,有大量由薄片和卵石制成的侧刮器(22 件标本)、带腹部下切的修饰薄片(43 件标本)、砍刀(25 件标本)、锛形器(6 件标本)、碎斧(9 件标本)和带缺口的工具(5 件复制品)。穿孔器 25 件,检查器 9 件。前文提到了有缺口的工具,但由中等薄片制成的一组器物(9 件标本)应单独区分。单面刮削器的数量为 10 件。值得关注的是周长 1/4 处有修饰的长方形刮削器,共有 6 件。椭圆形刮削器系列(10 件标本)在形状上很接近。端刮削器和双刮削器共有 52 件。恩古姆岩石栖息地的石器工业可定义为以中小型工具为主的薄片石器工业。在中国南方和越南的旧石器时代晚期,卵石业和薄片业并存。与越南一样,华南地区也有零星的薄片建筑群。这些遗址的特点是:大量使用中小型薄片制作的工具,简单的平行劈裂,不需要预先准备,工具组合以刮削器为主。恩贡文化的出现可以认为是更新世晚期华南和越南北部地区外来人口与当地原始文化混合的结果。
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Paleolithic Nguom Culture of Northern Vietnam
Purpose. In North Vietnam, the Nguomian culture has been distinguished, which is characterized by the predominance of flake tools in the techno-typological complex. This industry dates back to the second half of the Upper Pleistocene, preceding the previously identified Sonvian and Hoabinhian. The purpose of this study is to determine the technical and typological characteristics of one of the key monuments of the Nguom industry – the Nguom Rockshelter. For this purpose, a technical and typological analysis of the collection of stone products obtained as a result of excavations in 1981–1982 was carried out.Results. In 2023, 4 589 artifacts of the Nguom Rockshelter were processed, of which 2 437 items were medium and small flakes and 1 284 fragments. The primary splitting of archaeological material is dominated by parallel cores (35 specimens), there are variants of unsystematic (12 specimens) and radial (8 specimens) cores, many core-like fragments (121 specimens). The tool set is represented by a large number of side-scrapers made of flakes and pebbles (22 specimens), retouched flakes with ventral undercut (43 specimens), choppers (25 specimens), adze-shaped objects (6 specimens), and fragmented axes (9 specimens), notched tools (5 copies). There are 25 punctures, 9 checks. Notched tools were mentioned earlier, but a group of artifacts (9 specimens) made of medium flakes should be separately distinguished. The number of single side scrapers is 10 pieces. Of interest is the category of rectangular scrapers with retouching on ¾ of the perimeter, numbering six objects. A series of oval scrapers (10 specimens) is close in shape. End and double scrapers have 52 items. The stone industry of the Nguom Rockshelter can be defined as a flake industry with medium and small tools.Conclusion. In the Late Paleolithic in southern China and Vietnam, both pebble and flake industries coexisted. As in Vietnam, flake complexes are sporadic in South China. These sites are characterized by a large number of tools made of small and medium flakes, simple parallel splitting without preliminary preparation, and the predominance of scrapers in the tool set. The manifestation of the Nguom culture can presumably be considered as a result of the mixing of the alien population in the territory of Southern China and Northern Vietnam with the local original culture in the late Pleistocene.
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