Exploring autoantibodies as predictors of severe fibrosis or cirrhosis in metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease

Metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and metabolic dysfunction associated steatohepatitis (MASH) are rapidly growing public health concerns. Identifying predictive markers for advanced liver disease in MASLD patients is crucial for early intervention. This study investigates the association between autoantibody positivity and risk for severe fibrosis or cirrhosis across various subgroups. We conducted a retrospective study of adult patients diagnosed with MASLD between 1994 and 2019. Autoantibody status (anti-nuclear and anti-smooth muscle antibodies) was assessed using laboratory studies. Hepatic fibrosis or cirrhosis was determined histologically or through accepted non-invasive measures. Logistic regression analyses were employed to evaluate the association between autoantibody positivity and severe fibrosis or cirrhosis. Patients with co-morbid viral and alcohol liver disease were assessed separately. Among 2,749 MASLD patients, 1,425 (51.8%) were males and 1,324 (48.2%) were females, with a mean age of 58.7 years. A total of 541 (19.7%) patients tested positive for autoantibodies. Autoantibody positivity was associated with a higher risk of severe fibrosis or cirrhosis in MASLD patients (odds ratio 1.28, 95% CI [1.0–1.6]). This association persisted across various subgroups, including those with concurrent hepatitis B and C virus infections. In contrast, in alcohol liver disease, autoantibody-positive patients exhibited a lower risk. Autoantibody positivity emerges as a potential predictive marker for advanced liver disease in MASLD patients, facilitating risk stratification and tailored interventions. This study highlights the clinical relevance of autoantibodies in MASLD and underscores the need for prospective validation and mechanistic investigations to refine risk assessment and management strategies.