Claudia Schmied née Stommel, H. Hofer, Cédric Scherer, S. Kramer‐Schadt, M. East
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The dry season distribution of a species in relation to surface water is considered an indicator of its dependence on water and ability to cope with the loss of surface water. We investigated how diminishing surface water availability during three dry seasons (2011–2013) affected herbivores' distance to water in Ruaha NP. The distance held by herbivores to water is shaped by a range of factors including dietary category. We determined changes in the locations of available surface water throughout the dry season using standardized ground transects, close to and leading away from the GRR, to map the locations of nine herbivore species. Functional responses of herbivores, i.e. their change in distance to water between early and late dry season, indicated that distance to water was 1) shortest in buffalo and waterbuck (grazers), 2) similar for plains zebra (grazer), elephant and impala (mixed feeders), 3) larger in giraffe and greater kudu (browsers) and 4) largest in generalist feeders (warthog, common duiker). 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引用次数: 0
摘要
在非洲,急剧增长的人口推动了农业的扩张和相关的用水需求。从常年流淌的河流中取水用于农业生产可能会对野生动物造成危害,特别是当它减少了保护区的水供应时。坦桑尼亚南部的鲁阿哈国家公园(Ruaha National Park)是非洲最大的公园之一,拥有重要的野生动物种群,包括珍稀和濒危物种。鲁阿哈大河(GRR)是公园内野生动物的主要旱季水源。从这条河流取水用于公园上游的大规模灌溉和畜牧业生产,导致公园内这条昔日的常年河流在旱季大片干涸。一个物种在旱季与地表水的分布关系被认为是其对水的依赖性和应对地表水流失能力的指标。我们研究了三个旱季(2011-2013 年)地表水供应量的减少如何影响食草动物在鲁阿哈国家公园的水源距离。食草动物与水的距离受一系列因素的影响,包括食物种类。我们使用标准化的地面横断面,在整个旱季中测定了可用地表水位置的变化,并绘制了九种食草动物的位置图。食草动物的功能反应,即旱季初期和旱季末期它们与水的距离的变化表明:1)水牛和水鸭(食草动物)与水的距离最短;2)平原斑马(食草动物)、大象和黑斑羚(混食动物)与水的距离相似;3)长颈鹿和大库杜(食草动物)与水的距离较大;4)一般食草动物(疣猪、普通杜鹃)与水的距离最大。物种对地表水依赖性的巨大差异大致符合鲁阿哈国家公园中物种应对人为减少地表水能力差异的预测。
Effect of human induced surface water scarcity on herbivore distribution during the dry season in Ruaha National Park, Tanzania
In Africa, burgeoning human populations promote agricultural expansion and the associated demand for water. Water abstraction for agriculture from perennial rivers can be detrimental for wildlife, particularly when it reduces water availability in protected areas. Ruaha National Park (Ruaha NP) in southern Tanzania, one of the largest parks in Africa, contains important wildlife populations, including rare and endangered species. The Great Ruaha River (GRR) is the main dry season water source for wildlife in the Park. Water offtake from this river for large‐scale irrigation and livestock production up‐stream of the Park has caused large expanses of this formerly perennial river within the Park to dry out during the dry season. The dry season distribution of a species in relation to surface water is considered an indicator of its dependence on water and ability to cope with the loss of surface water. We investigated how diminishing surface water availability during three dry seasons (2011–2013) affected herbivores' distance to water in Ruaha NP. The distance held by herbivores to water is shaped by a range of factors including dietary category. We determined changes in the locations of available surface water throughout the dry season using standardized ground transects, close to and leading away from the GRR, to map the locations of nine herbivore species. Functional responses of herbivores, i.e. their change in distance to water between early and late dry season, indicated that distance to water was 1) shortest in buffalo and waterbuck (grazers), 2) similar for plains zebra (grazer), elephant and impala (mixed feeders), 3) larger in giraffe and greater kudu (browsers) and 4) largest in generalist feeders (warthog, common duiker). The substantial species' differences in surface water dependence broadly fit predicted species differences in their ability to cope with anthropogenic reduction in surface water in Ruaha NP.
期刊介绍:
WILDLIFE BIOLOGY is a high-quality scientific forum directing concise and up-to-date information to scientists, administrators, wildlife managers and conservationists. The journal encourages and welcomes original papers, short communications and reviews written in English from throughout the world. The journal accepts theoretical, empirical, and practical articles of high standard from all areas of wildlife science with the primary task of creating the scientific basis for the enhancement of wildlife management practices. Our concept of ''wildlife'' mainly includes mammal and bird species, but studies on other species or phenomena relevant to wildlife management are also of great interest. We adopt a broad concept of wildlife management, including all structures and actions with the purpose of conservation, sustainable use, and/or control of wildlife and its habitats, in order to safeguard sustainable relationships between wildlife and other human interests.