Rooting for Efficiency: Mechanised Reasoning about Array-Based Trees in Separation Logic

Array-based encodings of tree structures are often preferable to linked or abstract data type-based representations for efficiency reasons. Compared to the more traditional encodings, array-based trees do not immediately offer convenient induction principles, and the programs that manipulate them often implement traversals non-recursively, requiring complex loop invariants for their correctness proofs. In this work, we provide a set of definitions, lemmas, and reasoning principles that streamline proofs about array-based trees and programs that work with them. We showcase our proof techniques via a series of small but characteristic examples, culminating with a large case study: verification of a C implementation of a recently published tree clock data structure in a Separation Logic embedded into Coq.