Unlocking the Perceptions of Fishing Communities for a Credible and Effective Weather Forecasting and Early-Warning System in Zanzibar, Tanzania

Small-scale fishers are highly vulnerable to the impacts of weather conditions and climate variability, which can significantly affect their livelihoods and safety at sea. This study assessed the small-scale fishers' access and usage of weather forecasts and early warning systems in Zanzibar. It did so by examining the fishing communities' perceptions of the matter and patterns of utilisation of the weather information. It investigated the sources and accessibility of weather forecasts and early warning systems to the fishers. It utilised a descriptive and observational design using qualitative approaches. Data were collected through structured interviews, observation, and focus group discussions with samples of small-scale fishers in six villages in Unguja and Pemba in Zanzibar. The findings show that small-scale fishers in Zanzibar face significant challenges accessing reliable and timely conventional weather forecasts and early warning information. Limited access to communication technologies, including television and smartphones, emerged as a significant barrier. In addition, the utility of modern meteorological information and early warning systems is limited by their perceived unreliability to fishing communities. The fishing communities extensively use traditional weather forecasting methods informed by generations of tradition. Using informal communication channels and telephony services, local communities integrate conventional weather information served through short messaging services with traditional weather prediction systems. The integration provides credible results shared across the communities for collective decision-making on safer fishing practices. These findings are important for Zanzibar's policymakers, fisheries management agencies, and climate service providers. There is a need for the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar and other stakeholders to deliberate and improve communities' access to reliable weather forecasts and early warning systems for their resilience and sustainable fishing practices. It is also important for the government and other stakeholders to promote integrating indigenous knowledge with scientific forecasting methods for a comprehensive and contextually relevant information framework for small-scale fishers and other consumers.