Structure, diversity, and genetic delimitation of two Magnolia species endemic to eastern Mexico

In Mexico, Magnolia species of the section Macrophylla have been segregated based on phenotypic characteristics. However, the wide environmental variation throughout their distribution area in the eastern region of the country could be the main cause of the high degree of morphological variation among the taxa of this section. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out studies at the genetic level to confirm the taxonomic identity of these species. In the present study, the diversity and genetic structure of the populations of Magnolia rzedowskiana and M. zotictla were estimated using simple sequence repeat markers. We evaluated whether the taxonomic delimitation as independent species is consistent with their degree of genetic differentiation, comparing three regions of chloroplast DNA: trnH-psbA, ORF350, and rpl32-trnL. The DNA was obtained from four populations of the two species, which are distributed in the states of Hidalgo, Querétaro and San Luis Potosí. The populations presented intermediate–high genetic diversity (He = 0.52–0.60), limited gene flow (Nm = 0.62) and high genetic differentiation (Fst = 0.288), which may be related to their low density and strong geographic isolation, caused by the high degree of fragmentation of their habitat. The phylogenetic analysis and the genetic differentiation values indicate that each of the populations of the two Magnolia species analyzed behaves as an independent evolutionary unit, so the taxonomic delimitation of the three M. rzedowskiana populations must be reconsidered. The results obtained could be very useful for implementing management and conservation strategies for these populations in the short term.