Geological characteristics and major factors controlling the high yield of tight oil in the Da’anzhai member of the western Gongshanmiao in the central Sichuan basin, China

The Da’anzhai Member limestone in the central Sichuan Basin holds significant importance as a tight oil-producing formation. Despite its crucial role, the intricate patterns of hydrocarbon enrichment and the elusive geological factors dictating high-yield production have impeded tight oil exploration and development in the Sichuan Basin. This study delves into the geological characteristics of tight oil and identifies key factors influencing high-yield production, utilizing comprehensive data derived from cores, thin sections, well logging, seismic studies, and production tests of the Da’anzhai Member in the western Gongshanmiao within the central Sichuan Basin. Our findings reveal that the primary productive strata for tight oil are the Da 1 (1st Submember of the Da’anzhai Member) and Da 3 (3rd Submember of the Da’anzhai Member) Submembers, characterized by high-energy and low-energy shell beach microfacies. The kerogen type is sapropelic, ranging from mature to highly mature, positioning it as a moderately good hydrocarbon source rock. The predominant lithology of the reservoir consists of coquina and argillaceous coquina, with secondary dissolved pores, fractures, and nano-scale micropores serving as the predominant reservoir spaces. The overall lithology represents a dense limestone reservoir of the pore-fracture type, featuring low porosity and permeability. Critical controlling factors for achieving high-yield production of tight oil encompass lithological composition, fracture development, tectonic position, and source-reservoir configuration. Notably, substantial coquina thickness, fracture development, and the strategic relationship between the lower reservoir and upper source rocks contribute significantly to unlocking high tight oil yields. Additionally, thin-layer coquina emerges as a potential area for realizing increased oil and gas production capacity during later stages of development. This comprehensive analysis sheds light on the intricate dynamics governing tight oil production in the Da’anzhai Member, offering valuable insights for advancing exploration and development strategies in the Sichuan Basin.