Reinforced HDPE with optimized biochar content for material extrusion additive manufacturing: morphological, rheological, electrical, and thermomechanical insights

The development of efficient and sustainable composites remains a primary objective of both research and industry. In this study, the use of biochar, an eco-friendly reinforcing material, in additive manufacturing (AM) is investigated. A high-density Polyethylene (HDPE) thermoplastic was used as the matrix, and the material extrusion (MEX) technique was applied for composite production. Biochar was produced from olive tree prunings via conventional pyrolysis at 500 °C. Composite samples were created using biochar loadings in the range of 2.0–10.0 wt. %. The 3D-printed samples were mechanically tested in accordance with international standards. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Raman spectroscopy were used to evaluate the thermal and structural properties of the composites. Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the fractographic and morphological characteristics of the materials. The electrical/dielectric properties of HDPE/biochar composites were studied over a broad frequency range (10^–2 Hz–4 MHz) at room temperature. Overall, a laborious effort with 12 different tests was implemented to fully characterize the developed composites and investigate the correlations between the different qualities. This investigation demonstrated that biochar in the MEX process can be a satisfactory reinforcement agent. Notably, compared to the control samples of pure HDPE, biochar increased the tensile strength by over 20% and flexural strength by 35.9% when added at a loading of 4.0 wt. %. The impact strength and microhardness were also significantly improved. Furthermore, the Direct current (DC) conductivity of insulating HDPE increased by five orders of magnitude at 8.0 wt. % of biochar content, suggesting a percolation threshold. These results highlight the potential of C-based composites for the use in additive manufacturing to further exploit their applicability by providing parts with improved mechanical performance and eco-friendly profiles.

Graphical Abstract