Preclinical models for bladder cancer therapy research.

Bladder cancer (BC) is a highly heterogenous disease comprising tumours of various molecular subtypes and histologic variants. This heterogeneity represents a major challenge for the development of novel therapeutics. Preclinical models that closely mimic in vivo tumours and reflect their diverse biology are indispensable for the identification of therapies with specific activity in various BC subtypes. In this review, we summarize efforts and progress made in this context during the last 24 months.