Qubit Efficient Quantum Algorithms for the Vehicle Routing Problem on Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum Processors

The vehicle routing problem with time windows (VRPTW) is a common optimization problem faced within the logistics industry. In this work, the use of a previously-introduced qubit encoding scheme is explored to reduce the number of qubits, to evaluate the effectiveness of Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) devices when applied to industry relevant optimization problems. A quantum variational approach is applied to a testbed of multiple VRPTW instances ranging from 11 to 3964 routes. These intances are formulated as quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) problems based on realistic shipping scenarios. The results are compared with standard binary-to-qubit mappings after executing on simulators as well as various quantum hardware platforms, including IBMQ, AWS (Rigetti), and IonQ. These results are benchmarked against the classical solver, Gurobi. The approach can find approximate solutions to the VRPTW comparable to those obtained from quantum algorithms using the full encoding, despite the reduction in qubits required. These results suggest that using the encoding scheme to fit larger problem sizes into fewer qubits is a promising step in using NISQ devices to find approximate solutions for industry-based optimization problems, although additional resources are still required to eke out the performance from larger problem sizes.