Recent advances in biomimetic aggregation-induced emission photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy and immunotherapy

The development of novel photosensitizers (PSs) with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) properties has emerged as a crucial advancement in the field of photodynamic therapy (PDT). However, the versatile applications of AIE PSs are limited by low encapsulation efficiency and inadequate target tissue permeability. Biomimetic technology stands out as a promising strategy to overcome these challenges, aiming to enhance AIE PSs tumor penetration efficacy, and their association with antitumor immune responses. In this review, recent advancements in biomimetic AIE PSs for PDT and immunotherapy are summarized. We start with introducing strategies involving biomimetic AIE PSs based on cell membranes and extracellular vesicles for the combined application of PDT and immunotherapy. We then discuss the preparation of biomimetic AIE PSs nanoparticles. Finally, we briefly outline the challenges and prospects associated with biomimetic AIE PSs.