A REVIEW OF SMART WATER MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS FROM AFRICA AND THE UNITED STATES

This review paper comprehensively examines smart water management systems, focusing on their development, implementation, and impacts within Africa and the United States. It delves into the theoretical frameworks that underlie these systems, including integrating cyber-physical systems, sustainable development principles, and systems theory in water management. The paper further explores the technological innovations driving smart water management, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and remote sensing. It discusses the policy and regulatory frameworks that support or hinder these advancements in different regions. Additionally, it assesses the environmental, social, and economic impacts of smart water management, highlighting the benefits of water conservation, improved access to clean water, and efficiency gains. The challenges facing the implementation of smart water management systems are critically analyzed, including technical, financial, and regulatory obstacles. Future directions for smart water management are also discussed, emphasizing the potential for scalability, adaptation, and the importance of cross-sectoral and international collaboration. The paper concludes by underscoring the necessity of integrating technology, policy, and community engagement in smart water management efforts and calls for further research and collaboration to harness the full potential of these systems in addressing global water challenges. Keywords: Smart Water Management, Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Sustainable Development, Policy Frameworks, Water Conservation.