Simple and high-order N-solitons of the nonlocal generalized Sasa–Satsuma equation via an improved Riemann–Hilbert method

In this paper, we investigate the nonlocal generalized Sasa–Satsuma (ngSS) equation based on an improved Riemann–Hilbert method (RHM). Different from the traditional RHM, the t-part of the Lax pair plays a more important role rather than the x-part in analyzing the spectral problems. So we start from the t-part of the spectral problems. In the process of dealing with the symmetry reductions, we are surprised to find that the computation is much less than the traditional RHM. We can more easily derive the compact expression of N-soliton solution of the ngSS equation under the reflectionless condition. In addition, the general high-order N-soliton solution of the ngSS equation is also deduced by means of the perturbed terms and limiting techniques. We not only demonstrate different cases for the dynamics of these solutions in detail in theory, but also exhibit the remarkable features of solitons and breathers graphically by demonstrating their 3D, projection profiles and wave propagations. Our results should be significant to understand the nonlocal nonlinear phenomena and provide a foundation for fostering more innovative research that advances the theory.