[Modern Perspectives on Peripheral Neuropathology].

Recent advances in genetic and antibody testing have limited pathological examination of peripheral nerve specimens. However, when examining peripheral neuropathological findings from a modern perspective, there is often an opportunity to comprehend previously unnoticed observations upon re-examining the same specimen. For example, electron microscopy studies have suggested that the components that distinguish between nodal regions and internodes play a pivotal role in the behavior of macrophages that initiate myelin phagocytosis in the demyelinating form of Guillain-Barré syndrome and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP). Conversely, some patients previously diagnosed with CIDP were found to possess distinctive mechanisms initiated by autoantibodies against paranodal junction proteins such as neurofascin 155 leading to the emergence of the concept of autoimmune nodopathy. In vasculitis, the roles of neutrophils in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis, eosinophils in eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, and complements in nonsystemic vasculitic neuropathy in tissue damage have also been demonstrated when viewed from a modern perspective. Furthermore, mechanisms attributable to predominant small-fiber loss in hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis have been clarified at an ultrastructural level.