Acadian forest resilience to clearcutting: implications for even-aged management in late-successional northern temperate forests

This study examines the recovery of late-successional forests in the Acadian Forest Region of northeastern North America after anthropogenic canopy disturbance. Tree species were sampled in a chronosequence of post-clearcut (3–54 years) and remnant late-successional forests (100–165 years) in four demographic size classes in Nova Scotia, Canada: seedlings, small saplings, large saplings, and canopy trees. Clearcut forests acquired late-successional canopy species composition within five decades after logging disturbance. Resilience to clearcutting was due principally to the persistence of residual shade-tolerant coniferous species, mostly red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) and eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière) in recovering stands. Redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed that most residual canopy species responded positively to canopy removal as small saplings, but not as seedlings. Seedlings of all residual canopy species exhibited strong associations with stand age, canopy cover, and microhabitats characteristic of older forests, such as rotting logs and smaller pieces of decayed wood. These results show that managed late-successional Acadian forests can recover quickly after clearcutting if advance tree regeneration (seedlings and saplings) is present and protected in the understory during canopy removal. Such Careful Logging methods focused on advance regeneration remain under-utilized in Acadian forests, though our results indicate they could better address silvicultural objectives such as maintaining a viable conifer component throughout stand development, as well as broader biodiversity goals in the management of late-successional forest types.