Automatic Lymph Nodes Segmentation and Histological Status Classification on Computed Tomography Scans Using Convolutional Neural Network

Lung cancer is the second most common type of cancer worldwide, making up about 20% of all cancer deaths with less than 10% 5-year survival rate for the very late stage. The recent guidelines for the most common non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) type recommend performing staging based on the 8th edition of TNM classification, where the mediastinal lymph node involvement plays a key role. However, most of the non-invasive methods have a very limited level of sensitivity and are relatively accurate, but invasive methods can be contradicted for some patients. Current advances in Deep Learning show great potential in solving such problems. Still, most of these works focus on the algorithmic side of the problem, not the clinical relevance. Moreover, none of them addressed individual lymph node malignancy classification problem, restricting the indirect analysis of the whole study, and limiting the interpretability of the result without giving an option for cliniciansto validate the result. This work mitigates these gaps, proposing a multi-step algorithm for each visible mediastinal lymph node segmentation and assessing the probability of its involvement in themetastatic process, using the results of histological verification on training. The developed pipelineshows 0.74 ± 0.01 average Recall with 0.53 ± 0.26 object Dice Score for the clinically relevant lymph nodes segmentation task and 0.73 ROC AUC for patient’s N-stage prediction, outperformingtraditional size-based criteria.