Oroclinal arcs of the Variscan Belt: a consequence of transpression during the consolidation of Pangea

Arcuate traces of large structures characterize many mountain chains. The Variscan Belt is not an exception, and depicts one of the tightest oroclines in the Earth, the Ibero-Armorican Arc, as well as more open ones in the Eastern Moroccan Meseta, Central Iberia, French Massif Central and the Bohemian Massif. All Variscan arcs are considered true or secondary oroclines, and are late orogenic features, but their timing and deformation mechanisms differ. Models explaining their origin have been proposed for some individual arcs, and are generally controversial. This contribution aims at interpreting the ensemble of Variscan arcs highlighting their age relative to previous orogenic features as well as to those associated with arc development. Several mechanisms operated to form the arcs, the most important being ductile transcurrent shearing and rigid-plastic indentation, with shortening parallel to the orogen playing a secondary role. These mechanisms acted at different time intervals, their participation or relative importance differs for each arc and they gave rise to distinct associated structures. The development of the arcs is viewed as related to late Variscan dextral transpression provoked by displacement of Laurussia to the E relatively to Gondwana during the Serpukhovian to early Permian. Thematic collection: This article is part of the Processes of Pangea construction collection available at: https://www.lyellcollection.org/topic/collections/processes-of-pangea-construction