Mathematical modeling of two strains tuberculosis and COVID-19 vaccination model: a co-infection study with cost-effectiveness analysis

Tuberculosis and COVID-19 co-infection is currently the major issue of public health in many nations, including Ghana. Therefore, to explore the effects of the two Tuberculosis strains on COVID-19, we suggest a Tuberculosis and COVID-19 co-infection model. The study also provides the most economical and effective control methods to reduce the co-infection of tuberculosis and COVID-19. Based on the behavioral patterns of the two Tuberculosis strains and COVID-19 reproduction numbers, the stability of the co-infection model is examined. We explore the sensitivity of the parameters to examine the effect of the drug-resistant and drug-sensitive strain of Tuberculosis on the co-infection of COVID-19. We determine the most cost-effective and optimal treatment strategies that aim to maximize outcomes while minimizing tuberculosis and/or COVID-19 incidences, cost-effectiveness, and optimization approaches. The outcomes of this work contribute to a better understanding of Tuberculosis and COVID-19 epidemiology and provide insights into implementing interventions needed to minimize Tuberculosis and COVID-19 burden in similar settings worldwide.