Uranus Orbiter and Probe: A Radio Science Investigation to Determine the Planet’s Gravity Field, Depth of the Winds, and Tidal Deformations

The most recent Planetary Science and Astrobiology Decadal Survey has proposed Uranus as the target for NASA’s next large-scale mission. The interior structure and atmosphere of the planet are currently poorly understood, and objectives for investigating Uranus’s deeper regions and composition are highly ranked. Traditionally, gravity science has served as one of the primary means for probing the depths of planetary bodies and inferring their internal density distributions. In this work, we present precise numerical simulations of an onboard radio science experiment designed to determine Uranus’s gravity field and tidal deformations, which would offer a rare view into the planet’s interior. We focus on the mission’s orbital planning, discussing crucial parameters such as the number of pericenter passes, orbital inclination, and periapsis altitude necessary to meet the gravity measurement requirements for a Uranus orbiter. Our findings suggest that eight close encounters may be sufficient to determine the zonal gravity field up to J 8 with a relative accuracy of 10%, if the trajectory is optimized. This would allow for the decoupling of the gravity field components due to interior structure and zonal winds. Additionally, we find that the expected end-of-mission uncertainty on Uranus’s Love number k 22 is of order ∼0.01 (3σ). This level of accuracy may offer crucial information about Uranus’s inner state and allow for discriminating between a liquid and solid core, thus shedding light on crucial aspects of the planet’s formation and evolution.