The Evolution of Mouse Models of Cancer: Past, Present, and Future.

In the nearly 50 years since the original models of cancer first hit the stage, mouse models have become a major contributor to virtually all aspects of cancer research, and these have evolved well beyond simple transgenic or xenograft models to encompass a wide range of more complex models. As the sophistication of mouse models has increased, an explosion of new technologies has expanded the potential to both further develop and apply these models to address major challenges in cancer research. In the current era, cancer modeling has expanded to include nongermline genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs), patient-derived models, organoids, and adaptations of the models better suited for cancer immunology research. New technologies that have transformed the field include the application of CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genome editing, in vivo imaging, and single-cell analysis to cancer modeling. Here, we provide a historical perspective on the evolution of mouse models of cancer, focusing on how far we have come in a relatively short time and how new technologies will shape the future development of mouse models of cancer.