Evaluation and comparison of colorimetric outputs for yeast-based biosensors in laboratory and point-of-use settings.

Recent research has shown the potential of yeast-based biosensors (YBBs) for point-of-use detection of pathogens and target molecules in saliva, blood, and urine samples. The choice of output can greatly affect the sensitivity, dynamic range, detection time, and ease-of-use of a sensor. For visual detection without the need for additional reagents or machinery, colorimetric outputs have shown great potential. Here, we evaluated the inducible generation of prodeoxyviolacein and proviolacein as colorimetric YBB outputs and benchmarked these against lycopene. The outputs were induced via the yeast mating pathway and were compared on agar plates, in liquid culture, and on paper slips. We found that all three outputs produced comparable pigment intensity on agar plates, making them applicable for bioengineering settings. In liquid media and on paper slips, lycopene resulted in a higher intensity pigment and a decreased time-of-detection.