{"title":"艾滋病毒感染中的肠道和转运微生物组:当前概念与未来途径","authors":"Krystelle Nganou-Makamdop, Daniel C. Douek","doi":"10.20411/pai.v9i1.693","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"It is widely acknowledged that HIV infection results in disruption of the gut’s mucosal integrity partly due a profound loss of gastrointestinal CD4+ T cells that are targets of the virus. In addition, systemic inflammation and immune activation that drive disease pathogenesis are reduced but not normalized by antiretroviral therapy (ART). It has long been postulated that through the process of microbial translocation, the gut microbiome acts as a key driver of systemic inflammation and immune recovery in HIV infection. As such, many studies have aimed at characterizing the gut microbiota in order to unravel its influence in people with HIV and have reported an association between various bacterial taxa and inflammation. This review assesses both contradictory and consistent findings among several studies in order to clarify the overall mechanisms by which the gut microbiota in adults may influence immune recovery in HIV infection. Independently of the gut microbiome, observations made from analysis of microbial products in the blood provide direct insight into how the translocated microbiome may drive immune recovery. To help better understand strengths and limitations of the findings reported, this review also highlights the numerous factors that can influence microbiome studies, be they experimental methodologies, and host-intrinsic or host-extrinsic factors. Altogether, a fuller understanding of the interplay between the gut microbiome and immunity in HIV infection may contribute to preventive and therapeutic approaches.","PeriodicalId":36419,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Immunity","volume":"90 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2024-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"The Gut and the Translocated Microbiomes in HIV Infection: Current Concepts and Future Avenues\",\"authors\":\"Krystelle Nganou-Makamdop, Daniel C. Douek\",\"doi\":\"10.20411/pai.v9i1.693\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"It is widely acknowledged that HIV infection results in disruption of the gut’s mucosal integrity partly due a profound loss of gastrointestinal CD4+ T cells that are targets of the virus. In addition, systemic inflammation and immune activation that drive disease pathogenesis are reduced but not normalized by antiretroviral therapy (ART). It has long been postulated that through the process of microbial translocation, the gut microbiome acts as a key driver of systemic inflammation and immune recovery in HIV infection. As such, many studies have aimed at characterizing the gut microbiota in order to unravel its influence in people with HIV and have reported an association between various bacterial taxa and inflammation. This review assesses both contradictory and consistent findings among several studies in order to clarify the overall mechanisms by which the gut microbiota in adults may influence immune recovery in HIV infection. Independently of the gut microbiome, observations made from analysis of microbial products in the blood provide direct insight into how the translocated microbiome may drive immune recovery. To help better understand strengths and limitations of the findings reported, this review also highlights the numerous factors that can influence microbiome studies, be they experimental methodologies, and host-intrinsic or host-extrinsic factors. Altogether, a fuller understanding of the interplay between the gut microbiome and immunity in HIV infection may contribute to preventive and therapeutic approaches.\",\"PeriodicalId\":36419,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Pathogens and Immunity\",\"volume\":\"90 12\",\"pages\":\"\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":0.0000,\"publicationDate\":\"2024-05-24\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Pathogens and Immunity\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"1085\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.20411/pai.v9i1.693\",\"RegionNum\":0,\"RegionCategory\":null,\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q1\",\"JCRName\":\"Medicine\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Pathogens and Immunity","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.20411/pai.v9i1.693","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"Medicine","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
摘要
人们普遍认为,艾滋病病毒感染会破坏肠道粘膜的完整性,部分原因是作为病毒攻击目标的胃肠道 CD4+ T 细胞大量丧失。此外,抗逆转录病毒疗法(ART)可减轻但无法恢复正常的全身炎症和免疫激活,而这正是疾病发病机制的驱动因素。长期以来,人们一直推测肠道微生物组通过微生物转运过程,在艾滋病病毒感染中扮演着全身炎症和免疫恢复的关键驱动角色。因此,许多研究旨在描述肠道微生物群的特征,以揭示其对艾滋病病毒感染者的影响,并报告了各种细菌类群与炎症之间的关联。本综述评估了几项研究中相互矛盾和一致的发现,以阐明成人肠道微生物群可能影响艾滋病病毒感染者免疫恢复的总体机制。与肠道微生物群无关,通过对血液中微生物产物的分析观察,可以直接了解转运微生物群如何推动免疫恢复。为了帮助更好地理解所报道研究结果的优势和局限性,本综述还强调了可能影响微生物组研究的众多因素,无论是实验方法、宿主内在因素还是宿主外在因素。总之,更全面地了解艾滋病毒感染中肠道微生物组与免疫之间的相互作用可能有助于预防和治疗方法。
The Gut and the Translocated Microbiomes in HIV Infection: Current Concepts and Future Avenues
It is widely acknowledged that HIV infection results in disruption of the gut’s mucosal integrity partly due a profound loss of gastrointestinal CD4+ T cells that are targets of the virus. In addition, systemic inflammation and immune activation that drive disease pathogenesis are reduced but not normalized by antiretroviral therapy (ART). It has long been postulated that through the process of microbial translocation, the gut microbiome acts as a key driver of systemic inflammation and immune recovery in HIV infection. As such, many studies have aimed at characterizing the gut microbiota in order to unravel its influence in people with HIV and have reported an association between various bacterial taxa and inflammation. This review assesses both contradictory and consistent findings among several studies in order to clarify the overall mechanisms by which the gut microbiota in adults may influence immune recovery in HIV infection. Independently of the gut microbiome, observations made from analysis of microbial products in the blood provide direct insight into how the translocated microbiome may drive immune recovery. To help better understand strengths and limitations of the findings reported, this review also highlights the numerous factors that can influence microbiome studies, be they experimental methodologies, and host-intrinsic or host-extrinsic factors. Altogether, a fuller understanding of the interplay between the gut microbiome and immunity in HIV infection may contribute to preventive and therapeutic approaches.