Holistic and localized preparation methods for triboelectric sensors: principles, applications and perspectives

With the arrival of intelligent terminals, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), as a new kind of energy converter, are considered one of the most important technologies for the next generation of intelligent electronics. As a self-powered sensor, it can greatly reduce the power consumption of the entire sensing system by transforming external mechanical energy to electricity. However, the fabrication method of triboelectric sensors largely determines their functionality and performance. This review provides an overview of various methods used to fabricate triboelectric sensors, with a focus on the processes of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technology, three-dimensional (3D) printing, textile methods, template-assisted methods, and material synthesis methods for manufacturing. The working mechanisms and suitable application scenarios of various methods are outlined. Subsequently, the advantages and disadvantages of various methods are summarized, and reference schemes for the subsequent application of these methods are included. Finally, the opportunities and challenges faced by different methods are discussed, as well as their potential for application in various intelligent systems in the Internet of Things (IoT).