开发针对传染病和致癌病毒的 mRNA 疫苗的前景与挑战

L. V. S. Kutikuppala, Islam Kourampi, Ramya S. D. Kanagala, Priyadarshini Bhattacharjee, Sri Harsha Boppana
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摘要

mRNA 疫苗为防治传染病和病毒引起的癌症提供了一种多功能、快速的方法,从而极大地改变了疫苗学领域。临床试验表明,mRNA 疫苗在预防 COVID-19 方面的有效率高达 94-95%,人们日益认识到 mRNA 疫苗是一个强大的疫苗平台。虽然 mRNA 疫苗在 COVID-19 大流行中发挥了重要作用,但它们仍有一些局限性;其不稳定性和降解性影响了其储存、输送和整体效率。例如,使用基于脂质纳米粒子的疫苗递送系统(LNPs)递送的 mRNA 只通过内吞作用进入细胞,在不破坏细胞膜的情况下建立内体。COVID-19 大流行加速了用于治疗和预防多种传染病的 mRNA 疫苗平台的发展。这项技术有可能改变未来的病程,为防治传染病和癌症提供一种安全有效的方法。mRNA 疫苗中的单链基因序列可指示宿主细胞在核糖体内产生蛋白质,从而引起免疫反应,并使免疫系统做好对抗感染或癌细胞的准备。mRNA 疫苗技术的潜在应用领域非常广泛,可以开发出首选的疫苗模式。因此,新一代疫苗已逐渐得到普及,并逐渐进入普通人群。为了调整抗原的设计,甚至根据病毒基因组的新变化组合不同变体的序列,可以使用 mRNA 疫苗。目前的 mRNA 疫苗可提供足够的安全性和保护性,但这种保护性的持续时间只能通过进一步的临床研究来确定。
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Prospects and Challenges in Developing mRNA Vaccines for Infectious Diseases and Oncogenic Viruses
mRNA vaccines have emerged as an optimistic technological platform for vaccine innovation in this new scientific era. mRNA vaccines have dramatically altered the domain of vaccinology by offering a versatile and rapid approach to combating infectious diseases and virus-induced cancers. Clinical trials have demonstrated efficacy rates of 94–95% in preventing COVID-19, and mRNA vaccines have been increasingly recognized as a powerful vaccine platform. Although mRNA vaccines have played an essential role in the COVID-19 pandemic, they still have several limitations; their instability and degradation affect their storage, delivery, and over-all efficiency. mRNA is typically enclosed in a transport mechanism to facilitate its entry into the target cell because it is an unstable and negatively charged molecule. For instance, mRNA that is given using lipid-nanoparticle-based vaccine delivery systems (LNPs) solely enters cells through endocytosis, establishing an endosome without damaging the cell membrane. The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the development of mRNA vaccine platforms used to treat and prevent several infectious diseases. This technology has the potential to change the future course of the disease by providing a safe and effective way to combat infectious diseases and cancer. A single-stranded genetic sequence found in mRNA vaccines instructs host cells to produce proteins inside ribosomes to elicit immunological responses and prepare the immune system to fight infections or cancer cells. The potential applications of mRNA vaccine technology are vast and can lead to the development of a preferred vaccine pattern. As a result, a new generation of vaccinations has gradually gained popularity and access to the general population. To adapt the design of an antigen, and even combine sequences from different variations in response to new changes in the viral genome, mRNA vaccines may be used. Current mRNA vaccines provide adequate safety and protection, but the duration of that protection can only be determined if further clinical research is conducted.
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