Exploring Rare Earth Elements in complex microscopic mineral phases: Inputs from μLIBS imaging

Understanding the distribution and concentration of Rare Earth Elements (REE) within various minerals and ores is crucial in mineralogy and geology for comprehending the micro-scale processes that contribute to the formation of REE-bearing minerals. Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy elemental imaging emerges as a valuable tool due to its spatial resolution (15 μm) and ability for blind and rapid identification of elements within thin rock sections. Geological samples from the metamorphic core of the Zagros orogen (Iran) prepared as thin rock sections have been analyzed by LIBS imaging. Mineralogical phases have been determined from LIBS images of major elements. We first found that the distribution of Yttrium and REEs varies depending on the metamorphic stage. Then, while garnets may exhibit zoning in Mn, we observed that not all of them incorporate Yttrium. Finally, we demonstrated that REEs carriers include bastnaesite (Y Ce La F) and xenotime-like minerals primarily composed of Y with varying amounts of Yb, Gd, and Nd. We also demonstrated that the REEs minerals can exhibit either millimetric size when embedded within andalusite phases, or micrometric size when randomly scattered throughout the matrix. And we have also observed that some samples feature abundant Y-enriched Zircon phases. This study demonstrates that μLIBS imaging enables drawing a comprehensive picture of geological samples down to the micrometric scale. It has become a key technique in this field, providing access to the mineralogy of REE minerals, which is paramount for optimizing the final exploitation process compared to other analytical techniques.